Do you believe that BP knew, or ought reasonably to have known, that blowdown drums venting to atmosphere were unsafe

According to the CSB report, BP failed to â€Å"implement or heed all the safety recommendations regarding the blowdown drums before the blast† (CSB, 2005). Earlier reports and safety studies showed that BP was aware of the danger lurking in blowdown drums. From 1991, Amoco had proposed the removal of the blowdown drums that vented into the atmosphere.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Do you believe that BP knew, or ought reasonably to have known, that blowdown drums venting to atmosphere were unsafe? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the company did not implement the proposal due to budget constraints. OSHA had also notified Amoco of the unsafe design of such pressure releasing system. There had been several proposals to change the blowdown drums venting into the atmosphere. However, when BP took over, it remained focused on cost-cutting measures such that any safety recommendations were of limited concerns (CSB, 2005). Blowdown drums and stack work by accepting â€Å"the mixed liquid, and or vapour hydrocarbons from venting relief and blowdown valves during unit upsets or following a unit shutdown† (CSB, 2005). Normally, remnant hydrocarbon vapours separate themselves from the liquid and rise to the top of the stack and escape to the atmosphere. However, any heavy hydrocarbon vapours cool and fall to the bottom of the blowdown drum for subsequent collection. The problem is that, this system of discharging waste was dangerous according to the industry standards. Instead, the industry standards recommend that companies should discharge any waste direct into a sewer. BP also knew that the leftovers that pass through the blowdown drum were highly inflammable materials, and thus, the resulting explosion could be extremely dangerous. In addition, blowdown drums are potential sources of hazard. Despite all the recommendations of 1991, 1995, 1997, 2002 and 2004, BP did not ta ke any corrective measures. The design system of the blowdown drum increased its usages. However, BP failed to carry out necessary changes to the system. Specifically, the company â€Å"failed to replace the internal baffles, decommissioning the quench system, and adding more inlets, which possibly reduced its effectiveness† (CSB, 2005). Most reports have indicated that BP ought to have installed flare systems or closed relief systems. These systems considerably reduce effects of such incidence.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are a number of reports and recommendations to suggest that BP knew of risks associated with the blowdown drums that vented into the atmosphere. The company also knew that the system was a source of danger to its refinery and the surrounding environment. For instance, BP Texas City Refinery safety standards of 1977 stated â€Å"the indust ry standards did not permit new blowdown stacks, and BP ought to have connected the blowdown drums to closed systems or flares when the operations of the company outgrew existing facilities, or when it made major modifications to the units† (CSB, 2005). There were subsequent changes to the blowdown drums since 1986. These changes were major replacements that increased the capacity of the blowdown drum. However, BP did not connect the system to any safe disposal unit like a flare. There is also evidence that, in the year 2002, BP engineers recommended connection of the discharge from the relief valves to a flare in an effort to conserve the environment. However, the company did not initiate any changes. BP ought to have implemented a well designed flare system that could contain hazardous discharged liquid in the blowdown drum and burn flammable vapour. This had the potential of eliminating all dangerous discharges into the atmosphere. Flare systems have been effective means of controlling disposal in the oil industry. Reference List CSB 2005, BP Texas City: Final Investigation Report, CSB, Texas. Krauss, C 2010, ‘Oil Spill’s Blow to BP’s Image May Eclipse Costs’, Times, vol.1 no. 1, pp. 1-3.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Do you believe that BP knew, or ought reasonably to have known, that blowdown drums venting to atmosphere were unsafe? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Murray, B and Trevor, H 2010, ‘BP and Public Issues (Mis)Management’, Ivey Business Journal, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-3. This essay on Do you believe that BP knew, or ought reasonably to have known, that blowdown drums venting to atmosphere were unsafe? was written and submitted by user Maxx Serrano to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The eNotes Blog 8 Books for RecentGraduates

8 Books for RecentGraduates ‘Tis the season for pomp and circumstance! Graduation can be an exciting yet emotional time for students as they transition from one chapter to the next. After the diplomas have been stamped and the caps have been tossed, it’s normal to feel unsure about what comes next. Whether you’ve recently graduated or are looking for something to gift a grad, these eight books offer empowering narratives and thoughtful insight on how to navigate life beyond the classroom. 1. Becoming  by Michelle Obama Michelle Obama is undoubtedly one of the most influential women of our time. Her memoir, Becoming, is a reflection on the triumphs and tribulations that have shaped her into the woman she is today. From growing up on the South Side of Chicago to making history on Pennsylvania Avenue, Michelle shares her intimate perspective on being a wife, mother, humanitarian, and the first African American First Lady in United States history. Page count: 426 Genre: Memoir Publish date: 2018 2. Congratulations, by the Way: Some Thoughts on Kindness by George Saunders Three months after George Saunders gave the commencement address at Syracuse University, the transcript of the speech was published in The New York Times. Within days, Saunders’s heartfelt reminder to lead kinder lives was shared more than a million times. While Saunders, admittedly, doesn’t have all the answers as to what to expect after graduation, his advice is sincere, uplifting, and timeless. Page count: 64 Genre: Speech, Self-help Publish date: 2014 3. Educated by Tara Westover Born to survivalists in backcountry Idaho, Tara Westover grew up isolated from mainstream society. When her brother informs her of life beyond the mountains, Tara decides to pursue a new kind of life, starting with attending college. Educated is a coming-of-age story of Tara’s quest for knowledge and a meditation on what lies at the heart of education. Page count: 352 Genre: Autobiography Publish date: 2018 4. The Fire This Time: A New Generation Speaks About Race by Jesmyn Ward Inspired by James Baldwin’s The Fire Next Time, Jesmyn Ward gathers short essays, memoirs, and poems from some of the most influential contemporary voices discussing the dimensions of race in the United States. Amid the Black Lives Matter Movement and widespread national protests, The Fire This Time analyzes the racial reality of our country and calls to action the next generation to make a change. Page count: 226 Genre: Essay, Poetry Publish date: 2018 5. The Last Lecture by Randy Pausch Traditionally, retiring professors are asked to deliver a â€Å"last lecture† to share their insight into what really matters in life. For Randy Pausch, his last lecture titled Really Achieving Your Childhood Dreams, was literally his last after receiving a diagnosis of terminal pancreatic cancer. Intertwined with personal anecdotes and principle life lessons, The Last Lecture is Randy Pauschs farewell address to the people he loves and the moments that have made life worth living. Page count: 224 Genre: Self-help Publish date: 2008 6. This Is Water: Some Thoughts, Delivered on a Significant Occasion, about Living a Compassionate Life by David Foster Wallace This Is Water is the published text of David Foster Wallace’s 2005 commencement speech to the graduating class of Kenyon College. His candid and articulate address encourages graduates â€Å"to stay conscious and alive in the adult world day in and day out.† This speech is the only public talk Wallace ever gave about his views on life and his lasting wisdom seems more relevant than ever in this age of distractions. Page count: 137 Genre: Speech Publish date: 2005 7. We Should All Be Feminists by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Adapted from the TEDx talk of the same name, We Should All Be Feminists emphasizes the need to redefine feminism in the twenty-first century. Drawing from personal experiences and observations of gender inequality, Adichie advocates the need to reexamine the term â€Å"feminist† so that it can be used to empower and embrace both men and women. As women continue to fight for their rights, Adichie’s essay has never been more relevant or necessary than it is at this particular moment in history. Page count: 52 Genre: Nonfiction; Essay Publish date: 2014 8. When Breath Becomes Air by Paul Kalanithi Written in his last year of his life, Paul Kalanithi’s When Breath Becomes Air is a profound rumination on life and death. A bright neurosurgeon with a promising career ahead of him, Kalanithi had his world turned upside down when he was diagnosed with Stage IV lung cancer. Kalanithi reflects on his own life and how he manages to hold on to his identity in the midst of a debilitating illness. This book will leave readers reaching for a tissue and inspire a new appreciation for the little things that make life worth living. Page count: 426 Genre: Memoir Publish date: 2018

SHort answer questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SHort answer questions - Assignment Example The attitudes of people about obesity are lax. This indicates that obesity is a socially accepted norm regardless of ethnic or racial lines. 2. Education / Ecological Assessment have been carried out in parts (c) and (f). The assessment shows that educational intervention to deal with obesity has been low in middle schools and virtually nonexistent in high schools. Also, it is clear that public information campaigns in relation to obesity have had little impact on people affected with the condition. This clearly signals the failure of such efforts. 3. The best practice would be to utilize a multi-level approach to reduce obesity using a mixture of medical and non-medical means. The multi-level approach would consist of direct medical regulation, introducing education related to nutrition and physical health as well as attempts at behavioral modification. Medical regulation would ensure that participants have direct access to medical care and intervention so that the effects of losing weight do not lower the participant’s quality of life. In addition, the lack of awareness regarding obesity and its ill effects on human health need to be dealt with using specialized education on nutrition and physical health. Participants would be made aware for the need of physical health in order to lower the consumption of food as a leisure time activity. Similarly, participants would be informed of nutritional value of foods so that they can eat healthier. Lastly, behavioral modification will be attempted in order to create sustainabl e changes in the lives of obese people. 4. A number of different theories may be applied to the proposed interventions. However, the most important theories concerning intervention will be goal setting theory and social cognitive theory. Goal setting theory allows participants to set their own aims in order to reduce their weight. The use of goal setting has been found to be effective in organizational, social as